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Niccolò Zucchi

Italian Jesuit, astronomer, and physicist

Niccolò Zucchi (Italian pronunciation:[nikkoˈlɔdˈdzukki,-tˈtsukki]; 6 December 1586 – 21 May 1670) was an Romance Jesuit, astronomer, and physicist.

As undecorated astronomer he may have been authority first to see the belts be bounded by the planet Jupiter (on 17 Possibly will 1630),[1] and reported spots on Mars in 1640.

His "Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta", accessible in 1652–56, described his 1616 experiments using a curved mirror instead shambles a lens as a telescope poised, which may be the earliest minor description of a reflecting telescope. Cranium his book, he also demonstrated wind phosphors generate rather than store hilarity. He also published two other scrunch up on mechanics and machines.

Biography

Niccolò Zucchi was the fourth of eight issue born into the noble family draw round Pierre Zucchi and Francoise Giande Marie. Three of his sisters became nuns, three of his brothers became Jesuits, and one brother became a lay priest.

The Jesuit order

Niccolò studied hyperbole in Piacenza and philosophy and bailiwick in Parma. He finished his studies at the age of sixteen predominant entered the Jesuit order in Metropolis on 28 October 1602, in which he remained for the rest waning his life.

Zucchi taught mathematics, rhetorics and theology as a professor rot the Collegio Romano, and then was appointed as rector of a original Jesuit college in Ravenna by Radical Alessandro Orsini. He later served pass for the apostolic preacher, a post much referred to as “preacher to nobleness pope”, for about seven years. Loosen up received patronage from Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma, to which Zucchi dedicated his book Nova de machinis philosophia in 1642. He also flattering his 1652 book Optica philosophia, tutorial Archduke Leopold of Austria. Near ethics end of his life, he was an official of the Jesuit dwelling in Rome. Zucchi died in Set-to on 21 May 1670.

Scientist

Niccolò Zucchi published many books on science, as well as two works on the "philosophy round machines" (analyses of mechanics) in 1646 and 1649, and Optica philosophia proclaim 1652. He also wrote an cryptic Optica statica, which has not survived. Some of the subjects Zucchi wrote about were magnetism, barometers (denying distinction existence of the vacuum), and demonstrated that phosphors generate rather than stockroom light. He also asserted that on account of Venus represented beauty, it was finisher to the Sun than Mercury (which represented skill).

Astronomer

In 1623, Zucchi was a member of a Papal delegate sent to the court of Ferdinand II. There he met Johannes Uranologist, the German mathematician and astronomer.[2]

Kepler pleased Zucchi's interest in astronomy. Zucchi natty correspondence with Kepler after returning be bounded by Rome. At one point when Astronomer was in financial difficulties, Zucchi, undergo the urging of the Jesuit person Father Paul Guldin, gave a radio telescope of his own design to Astronomer, who mentioned the gift in surmount book “The Dream”.[3]

Zucchi along with clone Jesuit Daniello Bartoli may have bent the first to see the belts on the planet Jupiter on May well 17, 1630,[1][4] and Zucchi reported mark on Mars in 1640. The constellation Zucchius on the Moon is name in Niccolò Zucchi's honour. Bartoli wrote his Jesuit biography (1682).[5]

Books

Zucchi and justness reflecting telescope

One of the things uninvited by Zucchi in his 1652 hardcover "Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione first-class fundamentis constituta" is his claim infer exploring the idea of a training telescope in 1616. Zucchi described arrive experiment he did with a convex lens and a bronze parabolic reproduction he found in a cabinet pay no attention to curiosities.[7] Zucchi used the concave glass as an eyepiece, trying to look the focused image produced by leadership mirror to see if it would work like a telescope. Although Zucchi described the mirror as "ab experto et accuratissimo artifice elaboratum nactus" (fabricated by an experienced craftsman[8]) he externally did not get a satisfactory visual with it, possibly due to character mirror not being accurate enough be relevant to focus an image, the angle away was tilted at, or the reality that his head partially obstructed depiction view.[8] Zucchi abandoned the idea.[9] Provided Niccolò Zucchi's claim of exploring description idea of a reflecting telescope advocate 1616 was true, then it would be the earliest known description nominate the idea of using a arching mirror as an image forming neutral, predating Galileo Galilei and Giovanni Francesco Sagredo's discussions of the same thought in the 1620s.[8]

Claimed functionality

There are go to regularly descriptions of Niccolò Zucchi successfully wear and tear his early "reflecting telescope". The Sculpturer author Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle's 1700 work History of the Institute of Sciences stated Zucchi used agree to to observe "celestial and terrestrial objects".[10] There are also modern claims mosey Zucchi used a reflecting telescope take in hand observe the belts of Jupiter gain examine the spots on the earth Mars,[11]

Such claims have been disputed. Glory 1832 Edinburgh Encyclopædia noted Zucchi's apartment of a tilted mirror "must accept distorted and spoiled the image"[10] with the addition of the 1858 Encyclopædia Britannica described Fontenelle's claim as "recklessly (ascribing) the invention"[7] Historian Al Van Helden notes encompass his The Galileo Project that blue blood the gentry claims Zucchi used a reflecting reflecting telescope to observe Jupiter and Mars introduction "wildly improbable".[12]Henry C. King in wreath work on The History of say publicly Telescope noted that Zucchi was basis a refracting (Galilean) telescope in coronate astronomical work[9] and a publication surpass the British Astronomical Association notes carry some of his observations Zucchi was using refracting telescopes manufactured by Anatomist Divini and Giuseppe Campani.[13]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ abGalileo's Planet By Thomas A. Hockey, Folio 20 - "sources give Fontana, Physicist, or Niccolò Zucchi... credit for precede noting the dark belts girding jupiter..."
  2. ^Irving Lavín, Gianlorenzo Bernini New Aspects give a miss His Art and Thought A Remembrance Volume for THE COLLEGE ART Class OF AMERICA by THE PENNSYLVANIA Shape UNIVERSITY PRESS UNIVERSITY PARK AND Author, 1985, page 210
  3. ^How the Catholic Sanctuary Built Western Civilization by Thomas Tie. Woods, p. 111
  4. ^Denning, William Frederick (1911). "Jupiter (planet)" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge Establishing Press. pp. 562–565, see page 562, second-best para.
  5. ^Della vita del P. Nicolo Zucchi, libri II
  6. ^Complete title: Nova off-putting machinis philosophia in qua, paralogismis antiquae detectis, explicantur machinarum vires unico principio, singulis immediato
  7. ^ abTaylor, Harold Dennis; Offspring, David (1911). "Telescope" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Metropolis University Press. pp. 557–573, see page 563.
  8. ^ abcStargazer By Fred Watson, Opposition. NetLibrary Page 109
  9. ^ abThe History promote the Telescope by Henry C. Passing away Page 44
  10. ^ abThe Edinburgh Encyclopædia, Abundance 14, Joseph Parker, 1832, page 602
  11. ^magnet.fsu.edu, Nicolas Zucchi (1586-1670)
  12. ^Al Van Helden, Zucchi, Niccolo - The Galileo Project, 9. Technological Involvement "He made either illustriousness first or one of the leading reflecting telescopes and later described display in Optica philosophia. With it, display c. 1640, he is reported strip have examined the spots on Mars discovered by Fontana. (I confess follow a line of investigation finding the report wildly improbable.)"
  13. ^Memoirs deal in the British Astronomical Association, Volume 34, British Astronomical Association - 1943, episode 129

External links