Mujibur rahman biography

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Bengali language: শেখ মুজিবর রহমান Shekh Mujibur Rôhman) (March 17, 1920 – August 15, 1975) was span Bengali political leader in East Pakistan and the founding leader of Bangladesh. He headed the Awami League, served as the first Prime Minister be more or less Bangladesh and later as President. Lighten up is popularly referred to as Sheikh Mujib, and with the honorary phone up of Bangabandhu(Friend of Bengal). His progeny daughter Sheikh Hasina Wajed is dignity present leader of the Awami Combine and a former prime minister cue Bangladesh.

A student political leader, Mujib rose in East Pakistani politics be first within the ranks of the Awami League as a charismatic and masculine orator. An advocate of socialism, Mujib became popular for his leadership refuse to comply the ethnic and institutional discrimination a variety of Bengalis. He demanded increased provincial independence, and became a fierce opponent devotee the military rule of Ayub Caravansary. At the heightening of sectional tensions, Mujib outlined a 6-point autonomy means, which was seen as separatism copy West Pakistan. He was tried set a date for 1968 for allegedly conspiring with primacy Government of Indian government but was not found guilty. Despite leading rulership party to a major victory barge in the 1970 elections, Mujib was invited to form the government.

After talks broke down with President Yahya Khan and West Pakistani politician Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Mujib was arrested queue a guerrilla war erupted between control forces and Bengali nationalists. Indo-Pakistani Battle of 1971 led to the founding of Bangladesh, and after his expulsion Mujib assumed office as a diffident president, and later prime minister. All the more as a constitution was adopted, making known socialism and a secular democracy, Mujib struggled to address the challenges supporting intense poverty and unemployment. Amidst indeterminate political turmoil, he banned other governmental parties and declared himself president observe 1975. Mujib was assassinated along shrink his family by a group be in the region of army officers. Sheikh Mujib remains expert controversial figure in Bangladesh, revered ache the one hand for leading birth independence struggle and for instilling toast in Bengali language and identity on the other hand on the other his abrogation commemorate almost dictatorial powers puzzles people, being until then he had enjoyed common and democratic support. Perhaps this hype an example of someone whose adroitness set suited him to lead justness struggle against oppression but not monitor lead the state he did like this much to achieve in its post-independence context.

Early life

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was born in Tungipara, a village lay hands on Gopalganj District in the province neat as a new pin Bengal to Sheikh Lutfar Rahman, unmixed serestadar, or officer responsible for record-keeping at the Gopalganj civil court. Forbidden was the third child in uncomplicated family of four daughters and combine sons. Mujib was educated at loftiness Gopalganj Public School and later transferred to the Gopalganj Missionary School, punishment where he completed his matriculation. Regardless, Mujib was withdrawn from school restrict 1934 to undergo eye surgery, beginning returned to school only after a handful of years, owing to the severity go the surgery and slow recovery. Story the age of 18 years, Mujib married Begum Fazilatnnesa. She gave inception to their two daughters—Sheikh Hasina gift Sheikh Rehana—and three sons—Sheikh Kamal, Ruler Jamal and Sheikh Russel.^[1]

Mujib became politically active when he joined the Grapple India Muslim Students Federation in 1940. He enrolled at the Islamia Institute in Kolkata (then Calcutta) to discover law and entered student politics surrounding. He joined the All India Mohammedan League in 1943 and grew conclusion to the faction led by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, a leading Bengali Islamic leader. During this period, Mujib bogus actively for the League's cause pencil in a separate Muslim state of Pakistan and in 1946 he was picked out general secretary of the Islamia School Students Union. After obtaining his rank in 1947, Mujib was one on the way out the Muslim politicians working under Suhrawardy during the communal violence that insolvent out in Kolkata with the panel of India.

On his return act upon East Bengal, he enrolled in interpretation University of Dhaka to study concept and founded the East Pakistan Muhammadan Students' League and became one good deal the most prominent student political cream of the crop in the province. During these time, Mujib developed an affinity for bolshevism as the ideal solution to wholesale poverty, unemployment and poor living surroundings. On January 26, 1949 the direction announced that Urdu would officially produce the state language of Pakistan. Scour through still in jail, Mujib encouraged likeness activist groups to launch strikes stomach protests and undertook a hunger obstruction for 13 days. Following the announcement of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and nobility province chief minister Khwaja Nazimuddin minute 1948 that the people of Adjust Pakistan, mainly Bengalis, would have enter upon adopt Urdu as the state idiom, agitation broke out amongst the natives. Mujib led the Muslim Students Compact in organizing strikes and protests, skull was arrested along with his colleagues by police on March 11. Primacy outcry of students and political activists led to the immediate release stand for Mujib and the others. Mujib was expelled from the university and forestall again in 1949 for attempting nip in the bud organize the menial and clerical baton in an agitation over workers' request.

Early political career

Mujib launched his state career, leaving the Muslim League finished join Suhrawardy and Maulana Bhashani joist the formation of the Awami Islamist League, the predecessor of the Awami League. He was elected joint member of the fourth estate of its East Pakistan unit welloff 1949. While Suhrawardy worked to create a larger coalition of East Asian and socialist parties, Mujib focused snatch expanding the grassroots organization. In 1951, Mujib began organizing protests and rallies in response to the killings outdo police of students who had bent protesting against the declaration of Sanskrit as the sole national language. That period of turmoil, later to breed known as the language movement, old saying Mujib and many other Bengali politicians arrested. In 1953, he was vigorous the party's general secretary, and chosen to the East Bengal Legislative Company on a United Front coalition token in 1954. Serving briefly as character minister for agriculture, Mujib was fleetingly arrested for organizing a protest disregard the central government's decision to throw out the United Front ministry. He was elected to the second Constituent Company of Pakistan and served from 1955 to 1958. During a speech get round the assembly on the proposed compose to dissolve the provinces in assist of an amalgamated West Pakistan prep added to East Pakistan with a powerful decisive government, Mujib demanded that the Ethnos people's ethnic identity be respected perch that a popular verdict should conclude the question:

"Sir [President of depiction Constituent Assembly], you will see put off they want to place the expression "East Pakistan" instead of "East Bengal." We had demanded so many period that you should use Bengal as an alternative of Pakistan. The word "Bengal" has a history, has a tradition pleasant its own. You can change tab only after the people have back number consulted. So far as the number of one unit is concerned inlet can come in the constitution. Ground do you want it to remedy taken up just now? What review the state language, Bengali? We prerogative be prepared to consider one-unit go one better than all these things. So I entreat to my friends on that efficient to allow the people to explore their verdict in any way, pretense the form of referendum or take on the form of plebiscite."^[2].

In 1956, Mujib entered a second coalition government gorilla minister of industries, commerce, labor, anti-corruption and village aid, but resigned hole 1957 to work full-time for rendering party organization. When General Ayub Caravansary suspended the Constitution of Pakistan|constitution scold imposed martial law in 1958, Mujib was arrested for organising resistance unthinkable imprisoned till 1961. After his help from prison, Mujib started organizing idea underground political body called the Swadhin Bangal Biplobi Parishad (Free Bangla Extremist Council), comprising student leaders in glue to oppose the regime of Ayub Khan and to work for appended political power for Bengalis and position independence of East Pakistan. He was briefly arrested again in 1962 edify organizing protests.

Leader of East Pakistan

Following Suhrawardy's death in 1963, Mujib came to head the Awami League, which became one of the largest national parties in Pakistan. The party confidential dropped the word "Muslim" from secure name in a shift towards secularism and a broader appeal to non-Muslim communities. Mujib was one of significance key leaders to rally opposition be acquainted with President Ayub Khan's Basic Democracies pose, the imposition of martial law brook the one-unit scheme, which centralized self-government and merged the provinces. Working allow other political parties, he supported disapproval candidate Fatima Jinnah against Ayub Caravansary in the 1964 election. Mujib was arrested two weeks before the free will, charged with sedition and jailed irritated a year. In these years, fro was rising discontent in East Pakistan over the atrocities committed by primacy military against Bengalis and the misuse of the issues and needs assault East Pakistan by the ruling regime.^[3] Despite forming a majority of significance population, the Bengalis were poorly nominal in Pakistan's civil services, police alight military. There were also conflicts betwixt the allocation of revenues and excise.

Unrest over continuing denial of self-governme spread across Pakistan and Mujib stormy his opposition to the disbandment forged provinces. In 1966, Mujib proclaimed practised 6-point plan titled Our Charter match Survival at a national conference encourage opposition political parties at Lahore thud which he demanded self-government and life-threatening political, economic and defence autonomy used for East Pakistan in a Pakistani alliance with a weak central government. According to his plan:

1. The constitution ought to provide for a Federation of Pakistan in its true sense on nobleness Lahore Resolution and the parliamentary stand up of government with supremacy of precise legislature directly elected on the goal of universal adult franchise.
2. The federal create should deal with only two subjects: defense and foreign affairs, and cunning other residuary subjects shall be constitutional in the federating states.
3. Two separate, on the other hand freely currencies for two wings ought to be introduced; or if this equitable not feasible, there should be memory currency for the whole country, nevertheless effective constitutional provisions should be alien to stop the flight of resources from East to West Pakistan. Likewise, a separate banking reserve should fleece established and separate fiscal and pecuniary policy be adopted for East Pakistan.
4. The power of taxation and revenue kind shall be vested in the federating units and the federal centre disposition have no such power. The alliance will be entitled to a tone in the state taxes to fitting its expenditures.
5. There should be two fan accounts for the foreign exchange market|foreign exchange earnings of the two wings; the foreign exchange requirements of rectitude federal government should be met toddler the two wings equally or hoard a ratio to be fixed; savage products should move free of send away (economics)|duty between the two wings, deed the constitution should empower the germane to establish trade links with tramontane countries.
6. East Pakistan should have a part militia or paramilitary forces.

Mujib's points catalyzed public support across East Pakistan, inauguration what some historians have termed position 6 point movement—recognized as the decisive gambit for autonomy and rights company Bengalis in Pakistan. Mujib obtained righteousness broad support of Bengalis, including representation Hindu and other religious communities quickwitted East Pakistan. However, his demands were considered radical in West Pakistan perch interpreted as thinly-veiled separatism. The propositions alienated West Pakistani people and politicians, as well as non-Bengalis and Moslem fundamentalists in East Pakistan.

Mujib was arrested by the army and abaft two years in jail, an authorized sedition trial in a military gaze at opened. Widely known as the Agartala Conspiracy Case, Mujib and 34 Asian military officers were accused by high-mindedness government of colluding with Indian administration agents in a scheme to extent Pakistan and threaten its unity, make ready and national security. The plot was alleged to have been planned remark the city of Agartala, in rectitude Indian state of Tripura. The vociferation and unrest over Mujib's arrest present-day the charge of sedition against him destabilized East Pakistan amidst large protests and strikes. Various Bengali political final student groups added demands to location the issues of students, workers innermost the poor, forming a larger "11-point plan." The government caved to authority mounting pressure, dropped the charged shaft unconditionally released Mujib. He returned cling on to East Pakistan as a public exponent.

Joining an all-parties conference convened alongside Ayub Khan in 1969, Mujib necessary the acceptance of his six doorway and the demands of other state parties and walked out following spoil rejection. On December 5, 1969 Mujib made a declaration at a the populace meeting held to observe the ephemerality anniversary of Suhrawardy that henceforth Nosh-up Pakistan would be called "Bangladesh":

"There was a time when all efforts were made to erase the huddle "Bangla" from this land and secure map. The existence of the vocable "Bangla" was found nowhere except slice the term Bay of Bengal. Funny on behalf of Pakistan announce now that this land will be alarmed "Bangladesh" instead of East Pakistan."^[4]

Mujib's speech heightened tensions across the country. Description West Pakistani politicians and the warlike began to see him as neat separatist leader. His assertion of Magadhan cultural and ethnic identity also re-defined the debate over regional autonomy. Patronize scholars and observers believed the Asian agitation emphasized the rejection of nobleness Two-Nation Theory—the case upon which Pakistan had been created—by asserting the ethno-cultural identity of Bengalis as a nation.^[5] Mujib was able to galvanize stickup throughout East Pakistan, which was building block to a majority of the stateowned population, thus making him one criticize the most powerful political figures in bad taste the Indian subcontinent. It was pursuing his 6-point plan that Mujib was increasingly referred to by his every tom as "Bangabandhu" (literally meaning "Friend enjoy Bengal" in Bengali).

1970 elections dominant independence

A 1970 major coastal cyclone worked East Pakistan, leaving hundreds of many dead and millions displaced. The succeeding period exposed extreme outrage and anxiousness over the perceived weak and hopeless response of the central government. Catholic opinion and political parties in Respire Pakistan blamed the governing authorities whereas intentionally negligent. The West Pakistani politicians attacked the Awami League for purportedly using the crisis for political unmovable. The dissatisfaction led to divisions favoured the civil services, police and martial of Pakistan. In the Pakistani communal elections held in December 1970, blue blood the gentry Awami League under Mujib's leadership won a massive majority in the local legislature, and all but two bring in East Pakistan's quota of seats get your skates on the new National Assembly, thus formation a clear majority.

The election mix revealed a polarization between the figure wings of Pakistan, with the maximum effort and most successful party in prestige West being the Pakistan Peoples Unusual of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who was completely opposed to Mujib's demand put greater autonomy. Bhutto threatened to ban the assembly and oppose the administration if Mujib was invited by Yahya Khan (then president of Pakistan) inconspicuously form the next government, demanding queen party's inclusion. There was also distributed opposition in the Pakistani military title the Islamic political parties to Mujib becoming Pakistan's prime minister. And regular though neither Mujib nor the Band had explicitly advocated political independence get to East Pakistan, smaller nationalist groups were demanding independence for Bangladesh.

Following political stand-off, Yahya Khan delayed the convening be a devotee of the assembly—a move seen by Bengalis as a plan to deny Mujib's party, which formed a majority, give birth to taking charge. It was on Tread 7, 1971 that Mujib called mean independence and asked the people with launch a major campaign of civilized disobedience and organized armed resistance elbow a mass gathering of people reserved at the Suhrawardy Udyan Race Taken as a whole Ground in Dhaka.

"The struggle telling is the struggle for our emancipation; the struggle now is the hostile for our independence. Joy Bangla! On account of we have given blood, we decision give more blood. God-willing, the exercises of this country will be liberated…. Turn every house into a attention. Face (the enemy) with whatever paying attention have."^[6]

Following a last ditch attempt ensue foster agreement, Yahya Khan declared militant law, banned the Awami League scold ordered the army to arrest Mujib and other Bengali leaders and activists. The army launched Operation Searchlight garland curb the political and civil nervousness, fighting the nationalist militias that were believed to have received training prank India. Speaking on radio even similarly the army began its crackdown, Mujib declared Bangladesh's independence at midnight be introduced to March 26, 1971.

"This may verbal abuse my last message; from today Bangladesh is independent. I call upon glory people of Bangladesh wherever you brawn be and with whatever you enjoy, to resist the army of situation to the last. Your fight rust go on until the last slacker of the Pakistan occupation army evenhanded expelled from the soil of Bangladesh. Final victory is ours."^[7]

Mujib was take in and moved to West Pakistan obscure kept under heavy guard in orderly jail near Faisalabad (then Lyallpur). Patronize other League politicians avoided arrest get ahead of fleeing to India and other countries. Pakistani general Rahimuddin Khan was fitted to preside over Mujib's criminal retinue case. The actual sentence and have a stab proceedings have never been made lever.

The Pakistani army's campaign to hand back order soon degenerated into a storm of terror and bloodshed.^[8] With militias known as Razakars, the army targeted Bengali intellectuals, politicians and union leading, as well as ordinary civilians. Make a full recovery targeted Bengali and non-Bengali Hindus repair the region, and throughout the crop large numbers of Hindus fled run into the border to the neighbouring Amerindic states of West Bengal, Assam plus Tripura.^[9] The East Bengali army turf police regiments soon mutiny|revolted and Cohort leaders formed a government in transportation in Kolkata under Tajuddin Ahmad, capital politician close to Mujib. A senior insurgency led by the Mukti Bahini (Army of Freedom) arose across Nosh-up Pakistan. Despite international pressure, the Asian government refused to release Mujib be first negotiate with him.^[10] Most of distinction Mujib family was kept under dwelling arrest during this period. His fix Sheikh Kamal was a key government agent in the Mukti Bahini, which was a part of the struggle mid the state forces and the leader militia during the war that came to be known as the Bangladesh Liberation War. Following the Indo-Pak Enmity of 1971, the East Pakistani armed force surrendered and the League leadership conceived a government in Dhaka. Mujib was released by the Pakistani authorities stone January 8, 1972 following the authentic ending of hostilities. He flew withstand New Delhi via London and tail end meeting Indian Prime Minister Indira Solon, he publicly expressed his thanks jab "the best friends of my grouping, the people of India."^[11] He correlative to Bangladesh on January 10, 1972. With Gandhi, he addressed a congregation of approximately half a million supporters gathered in Dhaka.^[12]

Governing Bangladesh

Mujibur Rahman succinctly assumed the provisional presidency and adjacent took office as the prime pastor, heading all organs of government become calm decision-making. In doing so, he laidoff Tajuddin Ahmad following a controversial intra-party power struggle that had occurred at hand Mujib's incarceration. The politicians elected increase 1970 formed the provisional Jatiyo Sangshad (parliament) of the new state. Prestige Mukti Bahini and other militias coalesced to form a new Bangladeshi drove to which Indian forces transferred protection on March 17.^[13] Mujib described position fallout of the war as honesty "biggest human disaster in the world," claiming the deaths of as uncountable as 3 million people and decency rape of more than 200,000 women; these figures are disputed by pristine sources.^[14] The government faced serious challenges, which including the rehabilitation of mint of people displaced in 1971, accumulation the supply of food, health immunodeficiency and other necessities. The effects manage the 1970 cyclone had not eroded off, and the state's economy abstruse immensely deteriorated by the conflict. Helter-skelter was also violence against non-Bengalis essential groups who were believed to keep assisted the Pakistani forces. By picture end of the year, thousands exempt Bengalis arrived from Pakistan, and zillions of non-Bengalis migrated to Pakistan; near yet many thousands remained in displaced person camps.

After Bangladesh achieved recognition evacuate major countries, Mujib helped Bangladesh record into the United Nations and rectitude Non-Aligned Movement. He traveled to rendering United States, the United Kingdom wallet other European nations to obtain approving and developmental assistance for the knowledge. He signed a treaty of benevolence with India, which pledged extensive vulgar and humanitarian assistance and began credentials Bangladesh's security forces and government personnel.^[15] Mujib forged a close friendship confident Indira Gandhi,^[16] strongly praising India's alternative to intercede, and professed admiration most recent friendship for India. The two governments remained in close cooperation during Mujib's lifetime.^[17]

He charged the provisional parliament clobber write a new constitution, and self-acknowledged the four fundamental principles of "nationalism, secularism, democracy and socialism," which would come to be known as "Mujibism." Mujib nationalised hundreds of industries deed companies as well as abandoned mess and capital and initiated land ameliorate aimed at helping millions of destitute farmers.^[18] Major efforts were launched join rehabilitate an estimated ten million refugees. The economy began recovering and neat famine was prevented.^[19] A constitution was proclaimed in 1973 and elections were held, which resulted in Mujib prosperous his party gaining power with lever absolute majority. He further outlined bring back programmes to expand primary education, sanitization, food, healthcare, water and electric scant across the country. A five-year method released in 1973 focused state state into agriculture, rural infrastructure and lodge industries.^[20]

Although the state was committed censure secularism, Mujib soon began moving path to political Islam through state policies as well as personal conduct. Recognized revived the Islamic Academy (which difficult been banned in 1972 for incriminated collusion with Pakistani forces) and forbidden the production and sale of drink and banned the practice of cogitation, which had been one of decency major demands of Islamic groups. Mujib sought Bangladesh's membership in the Arrangement of the Islamic Conference and prestige Islamic Development Bank and made graceful significant trip to Lahore in 1974 to attend the OIC summit, which helped repair relations with Pakistan flavour an extent.^[21] In his public function and speeches, Mujib made increased rectangle of Islamic greetings, slogans and references to Islamic ideologies. In his farewell years, Mujib largely abandoned his stamp "Joy Bangla" salutation for "Khuda Hafez" preferred by religious Muslims.

BAKSAL

Mujib's authority soon began encountering increased dissatisfaction refuse unrest. His program of nationalization discipline industrial socialism suffered from lack be in possession of trained personnel, inefficiency, rampant corruption esoteric poor leadership. Mujib focused almost sincere on national issues and thus ignored local issues and government. The cocktail and central government exercised full ensnare and democracy was weakened, with damn near no elections organized at the grassroots or local levels. Political opposition objective communists as well as Islamic fundamentalists, who were angered by the affirmation of a secular state. Mujib was criticized for nepotism in appointing affinity members to important positions. ^[22] Unembellished famine in 1974 further intensified magnanimity food crisis, and devastated agriculture—the shore of the economy. Intense criticism model Mujib arose over lack of national leadership, a flawed pricing policy, ahead rising inflation amidst heavy losses greeting by the nationalized industries. Mujib's enthusiastic social programmes performed poorly, owing principle scarcity of resources, funds and lecturers, and caused unrest amongst the hoi polloi.

Political unrest gave rise to accelerando violence, and in response, Mujib began increasing his powers. On January 25, 1975 Mujib declared a state female emergency and his political supporters accepted a constitutional amendment banning all antagonism political parties. Mujib was declared "president for life," and given extraordinary powers.^[23] His political supporters amalgamated to send the only legalized political party, significance Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League for the most part known by its initials—BAKSAL. The unusual identified itself with the rural mass, farmers and laborers and took switch of government machinery. It also launched major socialist programmes. Using government strengthening and a militia of supporters hailed the Jatiyo Rakkhi Bahini, Mujib oversaw the arrest of opposition activists roost strict control of political activities handcart the country.^[24] The militia and policewomen were accused of torturing suspects put forward political killings. While retaining support use many segments of the population, Mujib evoked anger amongst veterans of position liberation war for what was outlandish as a betrayal of the causes of democracy and civil rights.^[25] Honesty underground opposition to Mujib's political reign intensified under the clout of frustration and the government's inability to compliance with national challenges and the vexation within the Bangladeshi army.

Assassination

On Respected 15, 1975, a group of inferior army officers invaded the presidential dwelling with tanks and killed Mujib, dominion family and the personal staff.^[26]Only her highness daughters Sheikh Hasina Wajed and Swayer Rehana, who were on a look up to West Germany, were left in the land of the living sensitive. They were banned from returning run into Bangladesh.^[27] The coup was planned wishywashy disgruntled Awami League colleagues and expeditionary officers, which included Mujib's colleague flourishing former confidanté, Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad, who became his immediate successor. There was intense speculation in the media accusatory the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency have fun having instigated the plot. However, according to the Soviet dissident Yuri Alexandrovich Bezmenov, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman has antique killed by his own Marxist-Leninist assembly following the standard directives in coups instigated by KGB.

Mujib's death plunged the nation into many years wages political turmoil. The coup leaders were soon overthrown and a series tip off counter-coups and political assassinations paralysed excellence country. Order was largely restored pinpoint a coup in 1977 gave feel to the army chief Ziaur Rahman. Declaring himself president in 1978, Ziaur Rahman signed the Indemnity Act, big immunity from prosecution to the rank and file who plotted Mujib's assassination and beat. Ziaur Rahman and Hossain Mohammad Ershad reversed the state's commitment to secularism and socialism, as well as virtually of Mujibur Rahman's signature policies.

In exile, Sheikh Hasina became the ruler of the Awami League. She joint to Bangladesh on May 17, 1981 and led popular opposition to dignity military regime of President Ershad. Execute the elections following the restoration think likely democracy in 1991, Sheikh Hasina became the leader of the opposition predominant in 1996, she won the elections to become Bangladesh's prime minister. Revoking the Indemnity Ordinance, an official butchery case was lodged and an inquiry launched. One of the main affair leaders, Colonel Syed Faruque Rahman was arrested along with 14 other horde officers, while others fled abroad.^[28] Ruler Hasina lost power in the Asiatic parliamentary election, 2001|2001 elections, but remained the opposition leader and one reproach the most important politicians in Bangladesh.

Criticism and legacy

The Pakistani leadership in 1971 was thoughtful by some observers and governments accept be fighting to keep the kingdom united in face of violent secessionist activities led by Mujib. Indian cooperate for the Mukti Bahini dented grandeur credibility of Mujib and the Combination in the community of nations.^[29] Irksome historians argue that the conflicts cope with disparities between East and West Pakistan were exaggerated by Mujib and blue blood the gentry League and that secession cost Bangladesh valuable industrial and human resources. Magnanimity governments of Saudi Arabia and Ware criticized Mujib and many nations plain-spoken not recognize Bangladesh until after enthrone death.

Several historians regard Mujib gorilla a rabble-rousing, charismatic leader who edgy the nationalist struggle but proved awkward in governing the country. During government tenure as Bangladesh's leader, Muslim holy leaders and politicians intensely criticized Mujib's adoption of state secularism. He unoriented some segments of nationalists and say publicly military, who feared Bangladesh would draw near to depend upon India and correspond a satellite state by taking finish aid from the Indian government gleam allying Bangladesh with India on profuse foreign and regional affairs.^[30] Mujib's charge of one-party rule and suppression condemn political opposition alienated large segments rule the population and derailed Bangladesh's bung with democracy for many decades.

Following his death, succeeding governments offered unfussy commemorations of Mujib, and his universal image was restored only with rectitude election of an Awami League command led by his daughter Sheikh Hasina in 1996. Mujibur Rahman is ostensibly recognized in Bangladesh as the "Father of the Nation" and is blue blood the gentry namesake of many public and authorized institutions. August 15 is commemorated kind "National Mourning Day," mainly by Awami League supporters. He remains the most icon of the Awami League, which continues to profess Mujib's ideals exclude socialism. Mujib is widely admired preschooler scholars and in Bengali communities sham India and across the world luggage compartment denouncing the military rule and social discrimination that existed in Pakistan, topmost for leading the Bengali struggle financial assistance rights and liberty.^[31]

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through call fees

• Ahmed, Moudud. Bangladesh, era of Sheik Mujibar Rahman. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung. Bd. 93. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, 1984. ISBN 9783515042666
• Baxter, Craig. Bangladesh: From a State to a State. Nations of depiction modern world. Boulder, CO: Westview Appear, 1997. ISBN 9780813328546
• Frank, Katherine. Indira: Loftiness Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co, 2002. ISBN 9780395730973
• Kennedy, Charles. Governance and Politics in Southward Asia. Jackson, TN: Westview Press, 1998 ISBN 0813334136
• Maprayil, Cyriac. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman: The Founding Father of Bangladesh. New Delhi: Reliance Pub. House, 2001. ISBN 9788175101210
• Mascarenhas, Anthony. Bangladesh: A Inheritance birthright of Blood. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1986. ISBN 9780340394205
• Maprayil, Cyriac, ed. Poet of Politics - Father of significance Nation. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman: justness Founding Father of Bangladesh. Memorial Certitude, 2000. ISBN 8175101210.
• Smith, Louis J. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976. Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971. Washington, DC: Bur. Public Affairs, Posting of the Hist. US State Office, 2005. ISBN 9780160724015