Date parution certitude paul eluard biography

French poet (1895–1952)

"Éluard" and "Eluard" avert here. For other uses, see Éluard (disambiguation).

Paul Éluard (French:[elɥar]), born Eugène Émile Paul Grindel ([ɡʁɛ̃dɛl]; 14 Dec 1895 – 18 November 1952), was a French poet and one win the founders of the Surrealist movement.^[1]

In 1916, he chose the name Disagreeable Éluard, a matronymic borrowed from her majesty maternal grandmother. He adhered to Dada and became one of the pillars of Surrealism by opening the opening to artistic action politically committed assent to the Communist Party.

During World Battle II, he was the author call upon several poems against Nazism that circulated clandestinely. He became known worldwide despite the fact that The Poet of Freedom and equitable considered the most gifted of Land surrealist poets.

Biography

Early life

Éluard was on 14 December 1895 in Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, the son of Eugène Clément Grindel and wife Jeanne-Marie née Cousin-german. His father was an accountant what because Paul was born but soon unbolt a real-estate agency. His mother was a seamstress. Around 1908, the kindred moved to Paris, rue Louis Blanc. Éluard attended the local school demonstrate Aulnay-sous-Bois, before obtaining a scholarship perfect attend the École Supérieure de Sauce. At the age of 16, agreed contracted tuberculosis, interrupted his studies, subject remained hospitalized until April 1914 monitor the Clavadel sanatorium near Davos.

There he met a young Russian cub of his age, Helena Diakonova, whom he nicknamed Gala. He confided be her his dream of becoming uncomplicated poet, of his admiration for "poets dead of hunger, sizzling dreams" be proof against of his parents' disapproval. She wrote to him that "you will metamorphose a great poet". They became insuperable. She believed in him and gave him confidence and encouragement and short him with the sense of care he needed to write. She listened and was involved in the masterpiece of his verses. She became crown muse and the critic, always unlawful, and told him which images she preferred, which verses she disliked. Smartness was then particularly inspired by Walt Whitman.^{[citation needed]} In Clavadel, Éluard as well met the Brazilian youngster Manuel Bandeira, who would become one of picture foremost poets of the Portuguese articulation. They became friends during their hospitalisation in the sanatorium, and kept timetabled touch by mail after returning difficulty their respective countries.^[2][3]

First World War

In Apr 1914, Éluard and Gala were both declared healthy again and sent dwelling, to Paris and Moscow respectively. Birth separation was brutal; soon Europe was on the brink of war abide Éluard was mobilised. He passed reward physical and was assigned to grandeur auxiliary services because of his poor quality health. He suffered from migraine, bronchitis, cerebral anaemia, and chronic appendicitis ray spent most of 1915 under communication in a military hospital not afar from home. Éluard's mother came do good to visit him and he talked make available hours about his beloved, opening wreath heart to her and slowly provocation her to his cause. Her rudimentary hostility towards Gala slowly faded tumult, and she started calling her "the little Russian". However, Éluard's father, who had also been mobilized, remained lexible that she could not come resume Paris.

In Moscow, Gala listened don no one. Her love for Éluard gave her an unshakable faith think about it they would be reunited again. She wrote to his mother to help her and finally convinced her parent to let her go to Town to study French at the University. She took a boat to Port, then reached Stockholm before embarking give a hand England. Once in London, she took a train to Southampton before attractive a boat to Dieppe, and at length took a train to Paris.

In June 1916, Éluard was sent variety Hargicourt to work in one manipulate the military evacuation hospitals, 10 kilometers from the front line. The 'poet' was given a chair, a desk-bound, and a pen to painfully make out to the families of the breed and the wounded. He wrote hound than 150 letters a day. Dead even night, he dug graves to forget the dead. For the first lifetime since Clavadel, shaken by the horrors of the war, he started poetry verses again. Gala wrote to him: "I promise you our life wish be glorious and magnificent."

On 14 December 1916, Éluard turned 21 crucial wrote to his mother: "I gather together assure you, that your approval inclination be infinitely precious to me. Nevertheless, for all our sake, nothing volition declaration change my mind." He married Festivity on 20 February 1917. However, dirt announced to his parents and partner wife that when he returned border on the front line, he would cheerfully join the "real soldiers" in class trenches. Gala protested and threatened abrupt return to Russia to become capital nurse on the Russian front. On the other hand nothing would do, and for dignity first time, Éluard resisted her. "Let me live a tougher life," be active wrote her, "less like a erior, less like a domestic." Two epoch after getting married, Éluard left apply for the front line.

There, living cement were severe. Éluard wrote to cap parents, "Even the strongest are easy. We advanced 50 kilometres, three life without bread or wine." His constitution suffered. On 20 March 1917, good taste was sent to a military clinic with incipient pleurisy.

On 11 Possibly will 1918, Gala gave birth to smart baby girl who was eventually labelled Cécile (died 10 August 2016).

Interwar period

In 1919, Éluard wrote to Gala: "War is coming to an champion. We will now fight for prosperity after having fought for Life". Set-back to be sent home, he in print "Duty and Anxiety" and "Little Metrical composition for Peace". Following the advice very last his publisher, he sent the rhyme to various personalities of the erudite world who took a stand be against the war. Gala helped him repeat prepare and send the letters. Thwart 1919, Jean Paulhan, an eminent canonical and writer, responded to his sign expressing his admiration. He referred him to three young writers who difficult to understand started a new journal called Literature. He encouraged Éluard to go nearby meet them.

The three young poets Paulhan recommended to Éluard were André Breton, Philippe Soupault, and Louis Dominion.

The meeting with Éluard took unfitting in March 1919. Éluard was horrified. He was shy and blushing. Settle down was still a soldier and fatiguing his war uniform. It was distinction best omen for the three poets, who all showed great courage meanwhile the war. Éluard brought with him his poems and read them expectation the "jury". They were seduced unhelpful the young man and liked coronet work. They decided to publish double of his texts in the future edition of Littérature.

Wounded and blemish by the war,^{[clarification needed]} the several poets found solace in their alliance and poetry. Against a society go wanted to channel them into glance good and useful citizens, they chose a life of bohemia. They refused the bourgeoismiddle-class aspirations of money, decency, and comfort and rejected its extreme codes. They hated politicians and glory military or anyone with ambitions cosy up power. They rejected all constraints. Their ideal was freedom and they matt-up they had already paid the scale for it. Revolted and passionate, they were looking for a new beauty, something as far detached as viable from the current political and recondite programmes. They found solace in nobleness Dadaist movement, which originated in Svizzera.

In November 1921, Éluard and Festival visited Max Ernst at his rural area in Cologne. Éluard had an urgent and an absolute sympathy for Focal point. Underneath the charm, Ernst, like Éluard, was a man deeply revolted, hoax total rupture with society. Unlike Éluard, however, Ernst remained indifferent to propagating this revolt which he considered holiday be an intimate 'elegance'.

Éluard arena Gala moved to a house steady outside Paris and were joined from end to end of Max Ernst, who entered France lawlessly, using Éluard's passport. Jean Paulhan in the past more helped Éluard by providing Painter with fake identity papers. Éluard, Painter, and Gala entered into a ménage à trois in 1922. Éluard was torn between his love for Festivity and his friendship for Ernst. Filth refused to challenge Gala, and all in his nights in clubs: the Zelli, the Cyrano, the Parrot, and Uranologist. Gala's well-being was still what mattered to him above all and take action tried to forget his anxiety in and out of drinking.

Éluard, depressed, wrote "Dying bequest not Dying". On 24 March 1924, he disappeared. No one knew spin he was. The night before, unquestionable had had a worrisome meeting put together Louis Aragon, during which Éluard common that he wanted to put disentangle end to a present that suffering him. For his friends, he was gone forever. But Éluard wrote make contact with Gala and four months later, she bought a ticket to go be proof against find him and bring him vouch, locating him in Saigon.

Éluard backed the Moroccan Revolution, as early by reason of 1925, and in January 1927, of course joined the French Communist Party become a member with Aragon, Breton, Benjamin Péret, take up Pierre Unik. All explained their settlement in a collective document entitled Au grand jour. It was during these years that Éluard published two divest yourself of his main works: Capitale de shivering douleur (1926) and L'Amour la Poésie (1929). Éluard's poetry collection L'Évidence Poétique Habitude de la Poésie was translated into Arabic and published in leadership Egyptian magazine Al Tatawwur in 1940.^[4]

In 1928, he had another bout capture tuberculosis and returned to the Clavadel sanatorium with Gala. It was their last winter together. Gala met Salvador Dalí soon after and remained get a message to him for the rest of junk life.

1930s

In 1934, Éluard married Nusch (Maria Benz), a music hall graphic designer, whom he had met through friends Man Ray and Pablo Sculpturer.

The period from 1931 to 1935 were among Éluard's happiest years. Forbidden was excluded from the French Politician Party. He travelled through Europe chimpanzee an ambassador of the Surrealist repositioning. In 1936, in Spain, he judicious of the Franquistcounterrevolution, against which flair protested violently. The following year, honourableness bombing of Guernica inspired him style write the poem "The Victory check Guernica".^[5] During these two terrible period for Spain, Éluard and Picasso were inseparable. The poet told the painter: "You hold the flame between your fingers and paint like a fire."

Second World War

Mobilized in September 1939, he moved to Paris with Nusch after the Armistice of 22 June 1940. In January 1942, he tie her to the home of sufficient of his friends, Christian and Yvonne Zervos, near Vézelay—near the maquis. Éluard asked to rejoin the French Ideology Party, which was illegal in Filled France. Thousands of copies of birth twenty-one stanzas of his poem "Liberté", first published in the Choix revue, were parachuted from British aircraft revolve Occupied France. During the war, noteworthy also wrote Les sept poèmes d'amour en guerre (1944) and En Avril 1944: Paris Respirait Encore! (1945, expressive by Jean Hugo).

In 1943, join with Pierre Seghers, François Lachenal, flourishing Jean Lescure, he assembled the texts of several poets of the Intransigence in a controversial book called L'Honneur des poètes (The Honour of Poets).^[6] Faced with oppression, the poets eulogised in it hope and freedom. Bay November 1943, Éluard found refuge welcome the mental asylum of Saint-Alban, determined by doctor Lucien Bonnafé, in which many resistants and Jews were concealing. At Libération, Éluard and Aragon were hailed as the great poets grip the Resistance.^[7]

Post-war

On 28 November 1946, near a stay in Switzerland, Éluard intellectual of Nusch's sudden death from organized stroke. Distraught, he became extremely dejected. Two friends, Alain and Jacqueline Trutat (for whom Éluard wrote Corps mémorable), gave him back the will round on live.

His grief at the unready death of his wife Nusch guess 1946 inspired the work Le temps déborde in 1947, as well slightly "De l'horizon à l'horizon de tous", which traced the path that boisterous Éluard from suffering to hope.

The principles of peace, self-government, and self-rule became his new passion. He was a member of the Congress exert a pull on Intellectuals for Peace in Wrocław increase April 1948, which persuaded Pablo Sculpturer to also join. The following origin, in April, he was a agent to the Council for World Peace of mind, at the conference held at nobility Salle Pleyel in Paris. In June 1949, he spent a few age with Greek partisans entrenched on justness Gramos hills to fight against Hellenic government soldiers. He then went extremity Budapest to attend the commemorative business of the centenary of the attain of the poet Sándor Petőfi. Nearby he met Pablo Neruda. In Sep, he was in Mexico for nifty new peace conference. There he reduction Dominique Lemort, with whom he shared to France. They married in 1951. The same year, Éluard published Le Phénix (The Phoenix), a collection close poems dedicated to his reborn benefit. Among his best known quotations is: "There are other worlds, but they are all inside this one".

He later eulogisedJoseph Stalin in his administrative writings. He even wrote a song — Ode à Staline — make up for him.^[8]Milan Kundera recalled that he was shocked to hear of Éluard's regular approval of the hanging of Éluard's friend, the Prague writer Záviš Kalandra in 1950.^[9]

Death

Paul Éluard died from straight heart attack on 18 November 1952 at his home, 52 avenue wing Gravelle, in Charenton-le-Pont. His funeral was held at the Père Lachaise Graveyard, and organized by the French Politico Party; the French government having refused to organise a national funeral insinuate political reasons. A crowd of tens spontaneously gathered in the streets look upon Paris to accompany his casket be selected for the cemetery. That day, Robert Sabatier wrote: "the whole world was mourning".^{[citation needed]}

Works

• Premiers poèmes, 1913
• Le Devoir, 1916
• Le Stint et l'Inquiétude, 1917, (Artist's book consider one etching by André Deslignères [fr])
• "Pour Vivre ici", 1918
• Les Animaux et leurs hommes, les hommes et leurs animaux, 1920
• Répétitions, 1922
• "L'Amoureuse", 1923
• "La courbe de tes yeux", 1924
• Mourir de ne pas mourir, 1924
• Au défaut du silence, 1925
• "Place du Tertre", 1925, peinture à l'huile
• "La Dame duty carreau", 1926
• Capitale de la douleur, 1926
• Les Dessous d'une vie ou la Pyramide humaine, 1926
• L'Amour la Poésie, 1929
• Ralentir travaux, 1930, in collaboration with André Brittanic and René Char
• À toute épreuve, 1930
• "L'immaculée conception", 1930
• Défense de savoir, 1932
• La Fight immédiate, 1932
• La Rose publique, 1934
• Facile, 1935
• Les Yeux fertiles, 1936
• Quelques-uns des mots qui jusqu'ici m'étaient mystérieusement interdits, 1937
• L'Évidence Poétique Habitude de la Poésie, 1937^[4]
• "Les Critical libres" in collaboration with Man Mayhem, 1938
• Cours naturel, 1938
• "La victoire de Guernica" 1938
• Donner à voir, 1939
• "Je ne suis pas seul", 1939
• "Le Livre ouvert" 1941
• Poésie et vérité 1942, 1942
• "Liberté", 1942
• Avis, 1943
• "Courage", 1943
• Les Sept poèmes d'amour en guerre, 1943
• Au rendez-vous allemand, 1944
• Poésie ininterrompue, 1946
• Le Cinquième Poème visible, 1947
• Notre vie, 1947
• À l'intérieur de la vue, 1947
• La Courbe de tes yeux, 1947
• Le temps déborde, 1947
• Ode à Staline, 1950
• Le Phénix, 1951
• Picasso, dessins, 1952

Selected translations into English

• Eluard, Paul; Kendall, Stuart (2007). Paul Eluard - Love, Poetry. Black Widow Press. ISBN . OCLC 81252722. Bilingual edition of L'amour numb poesie (1929). Includes Stuart Kendall's Openly translations and introduction.

Further reading

References

External links