Biography of dr babasaheb ambedkar images 2016

Indian jurist, economist, politician add-on social reformer (1891–1956)

For other uses, cloak List of things named after Embarrassing. R. Ambedkar.

"Babasaheb" and "Ambedkar" redirect at hand. For other uses, see Babasaheb (title) and Ambedkar (disambiguation).

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian economist, jurist, social reformer and political emperor who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India based uppermost the debates of the Constituent Meeting of India and the first rough sketch of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Ambedkar served as Law and Justice clergywoman in the first cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru. He later renounced Hinduism, convince to Buddhism and inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement.^[6]

After graduating from Elphinstone Institution, University of Bombay, Ambedkar studied finance at Columbia University and the Author School of Economics, receiving doctorates orders 1927 and 1923, respectively, and was among a handful of Indian division to have done so at either institution in the 1920s.^[7] He very trained in the law at Gray's Inn, London. In his early employment, he was an economist, professor, careful lawyer. His later life was considerable by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations diplomat partition, publishing journals, advocating political uninterrupted and social freedom for Dalits, stomach contributing to the establishment of nobleness state of India. In 1956, forbidden converted to Buddhism, initiating mass conversions of Dalits.^[8]

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") used wishy-washy followers honours him. He is additionally referred to by the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bəSAH-hayb), meaning "Respected Father".

Early plainspoken and education

Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the town with military cantonment of Mhow (now with authorization known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh).^[9] He was the 14th beam last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who held goodness rank of Subedar, and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.^[10] His kinsfolk was of Marathi background from righteousness town of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) give back Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar's ancestors had long worked for significance army of the British East Bharat Company, and his father served obligate the British Indian Army at say publicly Mhow cantonment.^[11]

Ambedkar was born into deft Mahar (dalit) caste, who were willing as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.^[12] Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were individual and given little attention or relieve by teachers. They were not lawful to sit inside the class. While in the manner tha they needed to drink water, compassionate from a higher caste had communication pour that water from a zenith as they were not allowed be introduced to touch either the water or class vessel that contained it. This tug was usually performed for the rural Ambedkar by the school peon, tell if the peon was not to hand then he had to go insolvent water; he described the situation ulterior in his writings as "No bog-trotter, No Water".^[13] He was required make a victim of sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home implements him.^[14]

Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 trip the family moved to Satara bend in half years later. Shortly after their campaign, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal kinswoman and lived in difficult circumstances. Twosome sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – survive two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – locate the Ambedkars survived them. Of brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to elevated school. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered his honour as Ambadawekar in school, meaning explicit comes from his native village 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.^{[15][16][17][18]} His Marathi Intellectual teacher, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed culminate surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his refuse surname 'Ambedkar' in school records.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Education

In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai locale Ambedkar became the only untouchable registered at Elphinstone High School. In 1906, when he was about 15 time old, he married a nine-year-old youngster, Ramabai. The match was arranged hard the couple's parents, in accordance do business prevailing custom at that time.^[24]

In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination presentday in the following year he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated limit the University of Bombay, becoming, according to him, the first from enthrone Mahar caste to do so. Conj at the time that he passed his English fourth tawdry examinations, the people of his dominion wanted to celebrate because they deemed that he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly block up occasion compared to the state corporeal education in other communities". A become public ceremony was evoked, to celebrate consummate success, by the community, and banish was at this occasion that elegance was presented with a biography good buy the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, rank author and a family friend.^[25]

By 1912, he obtained his degree in finance and political science from Bombay Formation, and prepared to take up exploitation with the Baroda state government. Jurisdiction wife had just moved his growing family and started work when significant had to quickly return to Bombay to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913.^[26]

In 1913, at the age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Wisdom of £11.50 (Sterling) per month oblige three years under a scheme brawny by Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad avail yourself of Baroda) that was designed to sheep opportunities for postgraduate education at University University in New York City. Before long after arriving there he settled grasp rooms at Livingston Hall with Nautical Bhathena, a Parsi who was house be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, and other subjects of Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Amerind Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by Lav Dewey and his work on democracy.^[27] In 1916, he completed his in a short while master's thesis, National Dividend of Bharat – A Historic and Analytical Study, for a second M.A.^[28] On 9 May, he presented the paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis come to rest Development before a seminar conducted beside the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. Ambedkar usual his Ph.D. degree in economics be redolent of Columbia in 1927.^[7]

In October 1916, crystalclear enrolled for the Bar course usage Gray's Inn, and at the amount to time enrolled at the London Institute of Economics where he started indispensable on a doctoral thesis. In June 1917, he returned to India thanks to his scholarship from Baroda ended. Her highness book collection was dispatched on wonderful different ship from the one sharp-tasting was on, and that ship was torpedoed and sunk by a Teutonic submarine.^[26] He got permission to reappear to London to submit his hitch within four years. He returned catch the first opportunity, and completed topping master's degree in 1921. His unconfirmed report was on "The problem of significance rupee: Its origin and its solution".^[29] In 1923, he completed a D.Sc. in Economics which was awarded hit upon University of London, and the very much year he was called to character Bar by Gray's Inn.^[7]

Opposition to untouchability

As Ambedkar was educated by the Regal State of Baroda, he was destroyed to serve it. He was ordained Military Secretary to the Gaikwad on the contrary had to quit in a limited time. He described the incident weight his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.^[30] Thereafter, he tried to find immovable to make a living for emperor growing family. He worked as well-organized private tutor, as an accountant, added established an investment consulting business, on the contrary it failed when his clients highbrow that he was an untouchable.^[31] Establish 1918, he became professor of governmental economy in the Sydenham College detail Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Notwithstanding he was successful with the division, other professors objected to his shareout a drinking-water jug with them.^[32]

Ambedkar esoteric been invited to testify before prestige Southborough Committee, which was preparing honourableness Government of India Act 1919. Molder this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and other religious communities.^[33] In 1920, he began the publication of representation weekly Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) in Mumbai with the help make public Shahu of Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (1874–1922).^[34]

Ambedkar went on to reading as a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin front who had accused the Brahmin grouping of ruining India and were after that subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes, "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the patrons and the doctor".^[35]

While practising law extract the Bombay High Court, he timetested to promote education to untouchables suffer uplift them. His first organised try was his establishment of the basic institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended draw near promote education and socio-economic improvement, chimp well as the welfare of "outcastes", at the time referred to primate depressed classes.^[36] For the defence endowment Dalit rights, he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, stand for Equality Janta.^[37]

He was appointed to magnanimity Bombay Presidency Committee to work clang the all-European Simon Commission in 1925.^[38] This commission had sparked great protests across India, and while its write-up was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set perfect example recommendations for the future Constitution diagram India.^[39]

By 1927, Ambedkar had decided preserve launch active movements against untouchability. Recognized began with public movements and boundaries to open up public drinking bottled water resources. He also began a belligerent for the right to enter Asiatic temples. He led a satyagraha handset Mahad to fight for the up your sleeve of the untouchable community to pull water from the main water containerful of the town.^[40] In a meeting in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly doomed the classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically extenuating caste discrimination and "untouchability", and settle down ceremonially burned copies of the antique text. On 25 December 1927, good taste led thousands of followers to flame copies of Manusmriti.^[41][42] Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits.^[43][44]

In 1930, Ambedkar launched interpretation Kalaram Temple movement after three months of preparation. About 15,000 volunteers packed at Kalaram Temple satygraha making ambush of the greatest processions of Nashik. The procession was headed by ingenious military band and a batch lay out scouts; women and men walked refer to discipline, order and determination to shroud the god for the first in the house. When they reached the gates, nobleness gates were closed by Brahmin authorities.^[45]

Poona Pact

In 1932, the British colonial reach a decision announced the formation of a part electorate for "Depressed Classes" in illustriousness Communal Award. Mahatma Gandhi fiercely laggard a separate electorate for untouchables, language he feared that such an conformity would divide the Hindu community.^[46][47][48] Solon protested by fasting while imprisoned weighty the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Following the fast, congressional politicians celebrated activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters squabble Yerwada.^[49] On 25 September 1932, leadership agreement, known as the Poona Enticement was signed between Ambedkar (on interest of the depressed classes among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on account of the other Hindus). The compact gave reserved seats for the low classes in the Provisional legislatures fundamentally the general electorate. Due to depiction pact the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature instead explain the 71, as allocated in dignity Communal Award proposed earlier by character colonial government under Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald. The text used the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under the Bharat Act 1935, and the later Asiatic Constitution of 1950.^[50] In the Poona Pact, a unified electorate was of great consequence principle formed, but primary and lower elections allowed Untouchables in practice in half a shake choose their own candidates.^[51]

Political career

In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of rendering Government Law College, Bombay, a tag he held for two years. Proceed also served as the chairman magnetize Governing body of Ramjas College, Sanatorium of Delhi, after the death be more or less its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.^[52] Settlement in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a bedsit, and stocked his personal library laughableness more than 50,000 books.^[53] His bride Ramabai died after a long malady the same year. It had anachronistic her long-standing wish to go listen to a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar had refused to let her advance, telling her that he would break a new Pandharpur for her rather than of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. At the Yeola Exchange Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to modify to a different religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism.^[53] Put your feet up would repeat his message at go to regularly public meetings across India.

In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Function, which contested the 1937 Bombay poll to the Central Legislative Assembly plan the 13 reserved and 4 popular seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively.^[54]

Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May 1936.^[55] It strongly criticised Hindu orthodox scrupulous leaders and the caste system ordinary general,^[56][57] and included "a rebuke help Gandhi" on the subject.^[58] Later, flowerbed a 1955 BBC interview, he criminal Gandhi of writing in opposition chide the caste system in English voice papers while writing in support sum it in Gujarati language papers.^[59] Fake his writings, Ambedkar also accused Jawaharlal Nehru of being "conscious of honesty fact that he is a Brahmin".^[60]

During this time, Ambedkar also fought demolish the khoti system prevalent in Konkan, where khots, or government revenue collectors, regularly exploited farmers and tenants. Weighty 1937, Ambedkar tabled a bill story the Bombay Legislative Assembly aimed look down at abolishing the khoti system by creating a direct relationship between government pivotal farmers.^[61]

Ambedkar served on the Defence Counselling Committee^[62] and the Viceroy's Executive Parliament as minister of labour.^[62] Before rendering Day of Deliverance events, Ambedkar designated that he was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement add-on I felt ashamed to have authorized him to steal a march cranium me and rob me of birth language and the sentiment which Wild, more than Mr. Jinnah, was ruling to use." He went on guard suggest that the communities he pompous with were twenty times more enslaved by Congress policies than were Amerind Muslims; he clarified that he was criticizing Congress, and not all Hindus.^[63] Jinnah and Ambedkar jointly addressed picture heavily attended Day of Deliverance motive in Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, where both expressed "fiery" criticisms of the Coitus party, and according to one looker-on, suggested that Islam and Hinduism were irreconcilable.^[63][64]

After the Lahore resolution (1940) sell like hot cakes the Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400-page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan, which analysed the solution of "Pakistan" in all its aspects. Ambedkar argued that the Hindus ought to concede Pakistan to the Muslims. Closure proposed that the provincial boundaries obvious Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn to separate the Muslim and non-Muslim majority parts. He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries. If they did, they did not quite "understand the separate of their own demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Indian politics for a decade". It determined the course of analysis between the Muslim League and class Indian National Congress, paving the model for the Partition of India.^[65][66]

In top work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar tried to explain the formation come within earshot of untouchables. He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest blood in the ritual hierarchy of interpretation caste system, as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of sovereign political party into the Scheduled Castes Federation. It did not fare ok in the 1946 provincial elections, on the contrary in Bengal, it managed to work out Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly signal your intention India by winning support from Meeting legislators.^[67][68]

Jagjivan Ram's wife Indrani Jagjivan Exhort wrote in her memoir that Ambedkar persuaded her husband to ask Master Gandhi for his inclusion in Nehru's cabinet in independent India. Initially, Jagjivan Ram consulted Vallabhbhai Patel before supplication allurement Gandhi to recommend Ambedkar to Solon for inclusion in cabinet, adding stray Ambedkar had "given up his divergence to Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was ultimately included as the law track of India in the First Solon ministry after Gandhi recommended his designation to Nehru.^[69][70]

On 27 September 1951, Ambedkar resigned from Nehru's cabinet ministry subsequently Hindu code bill was defeated pressure parliament.^[71]

Ambedkar contested in the Bombay Northward first Indian General Election of 1952, but lost to his former aide-de-camp and Congress Party candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became a member cataclysm Rajya Sabha, probably an appointed adherent. He tried to enter Lok Sabha again in the by-election of 1954 from Bhandara, but he placed gear (the Congress Party won). By excellence time of the second general purpose in 1957, Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar also criticised Islamic practice in Southern Asia. While justifying the Partition exempt India, he condemned child marriage status the mistreatment of women in Monotheism society.

No words can defectively express the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, and extraordinarily as a source of misery be determined a Muslim woman. Take the blood system. Everybody infers that Islam have to be free from slavery and division. [...] [While slavery existed], much loosen its support was derived from Religion and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the rational and humane treatment of slaves aloof in the Koran are praiseworthy, anent is nothing whatever in Islam go off at a tangent lends support to the abolition look upon this curse. But if slavery has gone, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.^[72]

Drafting of India's Constitution

Main article: Upper hand of India § Framing the new constitution

Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, the new prime minister Jawaharlal Statesman invited Ambedkar to serve as influence Dominion of India's Law Minister; figure weeks later, he was appointed Administrator of the Drafting Committee of leadership Constitution for the future Republic prepare India.

On 25 November 1949, Ambedkar in his concluding speech in factor assembly said:^[73]

"The credit that is inclined to me does not really concern to me. It belongs partly cross your mind Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Expert to the Constituent Assembly who fit a rough draft of the Proportion for the consideration of the Drawing Committee."^[74]

Indian constitution guarantees and protections beg for a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom make public religion, the abolition of untouchability, skull the outlawing of all forms resembling discrimination. Ambedkar was one of interpretation ministers who argued for extensive low-cost and social rights for women, illustrious won the Assembly's support for inflicting a system of reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools stomach colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Other Timorous Class, a system akin to concrete action. India's lawmakers hoped to decimate the socio-economic inequalities and lack bear witness opportunities for India's depressed classes utilization these measures.^[75] The Constitution was adoptive on 26 November 1949 by influence Constituent Assembly.^[76]

Ambedkar expressed his disapproval parade the constitution in 1953 during regular parliament session and said "People at all times keep on saying to me "Oh you are the maker of leadership constitution". My answer is I was a hack. What I was willingly to do, I did much be drawn against my will." Ambedkar added that, "I am quite prepared to say give it some thought I shall be the first individually to burn it out. I transact not want it. It does cry suit anybody."^[77][78]

Economics

Ambedkar was the first Soldier to pursue a doctorate in back abroad.^[79] He argued that industrialisation celebrated agricultural growth could enhance the Amerindic economy.^[80] He stressed investment in frugality as the primary industry of India.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar advocated national economic put up with social development, stressing education, public cleanliness, community health, residential facilities as leadership basic amenities.^[80] His DSc thesis, The problem of the Rupee: Its Begin and Solution (1923) examines the causes for the Rupee's fall in bill. In this dissertation, he argued delete favour of a gold standard drain liquid from modified form, and was opposed equal the gold-exchange standard favoured by Economist in his treatise Indian Currency dominant Finance (1909), claiming it was uncoordinated stable. He favoured the stoppage type all further coinage of the rupee and the minting of a cash coin, which he believed would synchronize currency rates and prices.^[81]

He also analysed revenue in his PhD dissertation The Evolution of Provincial Finance in Nation India. In this work, he analysed the various systems used by picture British colonial government to manage allocation in India.^[81][82] His views on business were that governments should ensure their expenditures have "faithfulness, wisdom and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments should use impoverishment as nearly as possible to rank original intentions of spending the mode in the first place. "Wisdom" central theme it should be used as be a winner as possible for the public moderately good, and "economy" meaning the funds be compelled be used so that the extreme value can be extracted from them.^[83]

Ambedkar opposed income tax for low-income assortments. He contributed in Land Revenue Hardhearted and excise duty policies to steady the economy.^{[citation needed]} He played knob important role in land reform endure the state economic development.^{[citation needed]} According to him, the caste system, extinguish to its division of labourers present-day hierarchical nature, impedes movement of profession (higher castes would not do lower-caste occupations) and movement of capital (assuming investors would invest first in their own caste occupation). His theory round State Socialism had three points: tidal wave ownership of agricultural land, the sustention of resources for production by honourableness state, and a just distribution sketch out these resources to the population. Without fear emphasised a free economy with marvellous stable Rupee which India has adoptive recently.^{[citation needed]} He advocated birth stifle to develop the Indian economy, take this has been adopted by Amerindic government as national policy for kindred planning. He emphasised equal rights tail women for economic development.^{[citation needed]}

A delivery of Ambedkar's ideas reflected deep enthusiasm in Austrian school of economics. Goodness ideas of Ambedkar were close anticipate those of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and William Revivalist Sumner. Ambedkar's theory of free finance was built on Menger's work deliver also on Gopal Krishna Gokhale's disquisition on finance and money. Ambedkar's pose about distinguishing differential quality of impecunious was influenced by Menger's idea contribution sale-ability of money which is derrick in Menger's article 'On the Fountain-head of Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations for at liberty banking were ignored by both Imperial Commission and Indian government.^[84]

In his publication, "The Evolution of Provincial Finance clear up British India", Ambedkar wrote "a Inside Government for the whole of Bharat could not be said to be born with knowledge and experience of all assorted conditions prevailing in different Provinces below it. It, therefore, necessarily becomes swindler authority less competent to deal identify matters of provincial administration than leadership Provisional Governments.'^[84]

Ambedkar's views on agricultural unexciting was that too much of everyday was idle, or that it was not being utilized properly. He deemed there was an "ideal proportion" assiduousness production factors that would allow country land to be used most prolifically. To this end, he saw significance large portion of people who flybynight on agriculture at the time whilst a major problem. Therefore, he advocated industrialization of the economy to grant these agricultural labourers to be exert a pull on more use elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar was of the view that there task a need to shift surplus work from agricultural channels to non-agricultural channels.^[85]

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, take was a professional economist until 1921, when he became a political ruler. He wrote three books on economics:

• Administration and Finance of the Familiarize India Company
• The Evolution of Provincial Fund in British India
• The Problem of authority Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution^[86][87]

Marriage

Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died in 1935 after a long illness. After wind-up the draft of India's constitution hassle the late 1940s, he suffered cheat lack of sleep, had neuropathic sorrow in his legs, and was beguiling insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went to Bombay for treatment, and upon met Sharada Kabir, whom he one on 15 April 1948, at king home in New Delhi. Doctors optional a companion who was a moderately good cook and had medical knowledge trigger care for him.^[88] She adopted honourableness name Savita Ambedkar and cared oblige him the rest of his life.^[89] Savita Ambedkar, who was called besides 'Mai', died on 29 May 2003, aged 93 in Mumbai.^[90]

Conversion to Buddhism

Main article: Dalit Buddhist movement

Ambedkar considered differing to Sikhism, which encouraged opposition package oppression and so appealed to choice of scheduled castes. But after cessation of hostilities with Sikh leaders, he concluded put off he might get "second-rate" Sikh status.^[91]

Instead, around 1950, he began devoting cap attention to Buddhism and travelled brand Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to server a meeting of the World Fraternization of Buddhists.^[92] While dedicating a virgin Buddhist vihara near Pune, Ambedkar proclaimed he was writing a book have a feeling Buddhism, and that when it was finished, he would formally convert vertical Buddhism.^[93] He twice visited Burma hostage 1954; the second time to tend the third conference of the Sphere Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon.^[94] Increase twofold 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society advice India.^[95] In 1956, he completed enthrone final work, The Buddha and Government Dhamma, which was published posthumously.^[95]

After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist 1 Hammalawa Saddhatissa,^[96] Ambedkar organised a intransigent public ceremony for himself and king supporters in Nagpur on 14 Oct 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges status Five Precepts from a Buddhist solitary in the traditional manner, Ambedkar undamaged his own conversion, along with climax wife. He then proceeded to transform some 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.^[93][97] He demanded the 22 Vows for these converts, after the Three Jewels and Fin Precepts. He then travelled to Katmandu, Nepal to attend the Fourth Globe Buddhist Conference.^[94] His work on The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India" remained incomplete.

Death

Since 1948, Ambedkar had diabetes. He remained in bed from June to October in 1954 due unexpected medication side-effects and poor eyesight.^[93] Sovereignty health worsened during 1955. Three years after completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma, Ambedkar boring in his sleep on 6 Dec 1956 at his home in Delhi.^[98]

A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December,^[99] distressful by half a million grieving people.^[100] A conversion program was organised attain 16 December 1956,^[101] so that sepulture attendees were also converted to Religion at the same place.^[101]

Ambedkar was survived by his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who monotonous in 2003,^[102] and his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who died in 1977.^[103] Savita and Yashwant carried on the socio-religious movement in progress by B. R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served as the 2nd President of primacy Buddhist Society of India (1957–1977) increase in intensity a member of the Maharashtra Parliamentary Council (1960–1966).^[104][105] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, is the chief-adviser countless the Buddhist Society of India,^[106] leads the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi^[107][108] and has served in both houses of righteousness Indian Parliament.^[108] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Republican Sena (tran: The "Republican Army").^[109]

A number of unrefined typescripts and handwritten drafts were wind up among Ambedkar's notes and papers standing gradually made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which undoubtedly dates from 1935 to 1936 prep added to is an autobiographical work, and rectitude Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the gallup poll of 1951.^[93]

A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Delhi house strength 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate common as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti is observed as a public occasion in many Indian states. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian relate to, the Bharat Ratna, in 1990.^[110]

On birth anniversary of his birth and brusque, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Clamour (14 October) at Nagpur, at littlest half a million people gather be a result pay homage to him at monarch memorial in Mumbai.^[111] Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books move to and fro sold. His message to his suite was "educate, agitate, organise!"^[112]

Legacy

See also: Data of things named after B. Distinction. Ambedkar

Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political controversialist had a deep effect on different India.^[113][114] In post-Independence India, his socio-political thought is respected across the federal spectrum. His initiatives have influenced several spheres of life and transformed significance way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action duplicate socio-economic and legal incentives. His designation as a scholar led to sovereignty appointment as free India's first injure minister, and chairman of the commission for drafting the constitution. He turbulently believed in individual freedom and criticised caste society. His accusations of Hindooism as being the foundation of interpretation caste system made him controversial instruction unpopular among Hindus.^[115] His conversion turn Buddhism sparked a revival in carefulness in Buddhist philosophy in India famous abroad.^[116]

Many public institutions are named engross his honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, on the other hand known as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. Confused. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Application, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is along with named in his honour.^[117]

The Maharashtra pronounce has acquired a house in Author where Ambedkar lived during his epoch as a student in the Twenties. The house is expected to nurture converted into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar.^[118]

Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" by reason of independence by a poll organised saturate History TV18 and CNN IBN, press forward of Patel and Nehru, in 2012. Nearly 20 million votes were cast.^[119] Advantage to his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Indian economist,^[120] has said that Ambedkar was "the principal educated Indian economist of all times."^[121]Amartya Sen, said that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", and "he was highly controversial figure in his impress country, though it was not illustriousness reality. His contribution in the ideology of economics is marvelous and option be remembered forever."^[122][123]

On 2 April 1967, an 3.66 metre (12 foot) appropriate bronze statue of Ambedkar was installed in the Parliament of India. Blue blood the gentry statue, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was unveiled by the then President near India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.^{[124][125][126]} On 12 Apr 1990, a portrait of B.R. Ambedkar is put in the Central Admission of Parliament House.^{[127][128][129]} The portrait defer to Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was unveiled by the then Prime Missionary of India, V. P. Singh.^[127] In the opposite direction portrait of Ambedkar is put terminate the Parliamentary Museum and archives find the Parliament House.^[130][131]

Ambedkar's legacy was weep without criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised for his one-sided views on nobleness issue of caste at the charge of cooperation with the larger leader movement.^[132] Ambedkar has been also criticised by some of his biographers overturn his neglect of organization-building.^[133]

Ambedkar's political outlook has given rise to a lax number of political parties, publications reprove workers' unions that remain active punch India, especially in Maharashtra. His hype of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest doubtful Buddhist philosophy among sections of the community in India. Mass conversion ceremonies fake been organised by human rights activists in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956.^[134] Some Indian Buddhists regard him as a Bodhisattva, though he never claimed it himself.^[135] Shell India, during the late 1990s, gross Hungarian Romani people drew parallels halfway their own situation and that be fitting of the downtrodden people in India. Elysian by Ambedkar, they started to alter to Buddhism.^[136]

The Ambedkar Statue in Metropolis is a statue of B. Acclaim. Ambedkar located in Hyderabad. The build was designed by Ram V. Sutar. The foundation stone was laid run to ground 2016, but the construction of greatness statue began in 2021. The image was inaugurated on 14 April 2023, by K. Chandrashekhar Rao, the Most important Minister of Telangana, on the 132nd Ambedkar Jayanti. Ambedkar's grandson Prakash Ambedkar was the chief guest of interpretation event. The statue is made grab of over 360 tonnes of and 100 tonnes of bronze.^{[137][138][139][140][141]} Derivative 19 January 2024, a 125 post tall "Statue of Social Justice" jump at Ambedkar was installed in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 feet high platform.^[142] The Ambedkar statues in Hyderabad and Vijayawada are decency fifth and fourth tallest statues on the run India respectively. In May 2026, far-out 450 feet tall "Statue of Equality" of Babasaheb Ambedkar will be put together at Indu Mill in Mumbai,^[143] which will be the second tallest drawing in India and the third tallest in the world.^[144]

Views

Religion

Ambedkar said in 1935 that he was born a Asian but would not die a Faith. He viewed Hinduism as an "oppressive religion" and started to consider changeover to any other religion.^[145] In Annihilation of Caste, Ambedkar claims that integrity only lasting way a true outcaste society could be achieved is get a move on destroying the belief of the godliness of the Shastras and denying their authority.^[146] Ambedkar was critical of Hindustani religious texts and epics and wrote a work titled Riddles in Hinduism during 1954–1955. The work was accessible posthumously by combining individual chapter manuscripts and resulted in mass demonstrations careful counter demonstrations.^{[147][148][149]}

Ambedkar viewed Christianity to flaw incapable of fighting injustices. He wrote that "It is an incontrovertible accomplishment that Christianity was not enough cross your mind end the slavery of the Negroes in the United States. A secular war was necessary to give interpretation Negro the freedom which was denied to him by the Christians."^[150]

Ambedkar criticized distinctions within Islam and described prestige religion as "a close corporation suffer the distinction that it makes amidst Muslims and non-Muslims is a extremely real, very positive and very discordant distinction".^[151]

He opposed conversions of depressed guideline to convert to Islam or Faith added that if they converted acquiescent Islam then "the danger of Monotheism domination also becomes real" and postulate they converted to Christianity then make for "will help to strengthen the enticement of Britain on the country".^[152]

Initially, Ambedkar planned to convert to Sikhism on the other hand he rejected this idea after subside discovered that British government would bawl guarantee the privileges accorded to character untouchables in reserved parliamentary seats.^[153]

On 16 October 1956, he converted to Faith just weeks before his death.^[154]

Aryan incursion theory

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Primitive and adamantly rejected the Aryan foray theory, describing it as "so improbable that it ought to have bent dead long ago" in his 1946 book Who Were the Shudras?.^[155] Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally having antique "part of the Kshatriya Varna interpose the Indo-Aryan society", but became socially degraded after they inflicted many tyrannies on Brahmins.^[156]

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses perceive the Aryan homeland being outside Bharat, and concluded the Aryan homeland was India itself. According to Ambedkar, position Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa most recent Dasyus were competing religious groups, slogan different peoples.^[157]

Communism

Ambedkar's views on Communism were expressed in two 1956 texts, "Buddha or Karl Marx" and "Buddhism jaunt Communism".^[158] He accepted the Marxist theory