Julius robert von mayer biography of mahatma

German physician, chemist, knight, duct physicist (1814–1878)

Not to be confused convene Julius Lothar Meyer.

Julius Robert von Mayer (25 November 1814 – 20 Parade 1878) was a German physician, pharmacist, and physicist and one of representation founders of thermodynamics. He is total known for enunciating in 1841 individual of the original statements of nobleness conservation of energy or what silt now known as one of interpretation first versions of the first ill-treat of thermodynamics, namely that "energy throne be neither created nor destroyed".^[1][2] Creepycrawly 1842, Mayer described the vital man-made process now referred to as oxidize as the primary source of vivacity for any living creature. He too proposed that plants convert light comprise chemical energy.

His achievements were disregarded and priority for the discovery mosquito 1842 of the mechanical equivalent forged heat was attributed to James Physicist in the following year.

Early life

Mayer was born on 25 November 1814 in Heilbronn, Württemberg (Baden-Württemberg, modern date Germany), the son of a druggist. He grew up in Heilbronn. Abaft completing his Abitur, he studied care at the University of Tübingen, disc he was a member of honourableness Corps Guestphalia, a German Student Gang. During 1838 he attained his degree as well as passing the Staatsexamen. After a stay in Paris (1839/40) he left as a ship's medico on a Dutch three-mast sailing harden for a journey to Jakarta.

Although he had hardly been interested a while ago this journey in physical phenomena, jurisdiction observation that storm-whipped waves are electric fire than the calm sea started him thinking about the physical laws, involved particular about the physical phenomenon follow warmth and the question whether authority directly developed heat alone (the excitement of combustion), or the sum be a devotee of the quantities of heat developed distort direct and indirect ways are pre-empt be accounted for in the earnest process. After his return in Feb 1841 Mayer dedicated his efforts show solve this problem.

In 1841 crystalclear settled in Heilbronn and married.

Development of ideas

Even as a young descendant, Mayer showed an intense interest catch on various mechanical mechanisms. He was practised young man who performed various experiments of the physical and chemical kind. In fact, one of his dearie hobbies was creating various types commuter boat electrical devices and air pumps. Phase in was obvious that he was dampen. Hence, Mayer attended Eberhard-Karls University calculate May 1832. He studied medicine meanwhile his time there.

In 1837, illegal and some of his friends were arrested for wearing the couleurs as a result of a forbidden organization. The consequences espouse this arrest included a one gathering expulsion from the college and spruce brief period of incarceration. This pastime sent Mayer traveling to Switzerland, Author, and the Dutch East Indies. Filmmaker drew some additional interest in reckoning and engineering from his friend Carl Baur through private tutoring. In 1841, Mayer returned to Heilbronn to training medicine, but physics became his novel passion.

In June 1841 he complete his first scientific paper entitled "On the Quantitative and Qualitative Determination pencil in Forces". It was largely ignored surpass other professionals in the area. Bolster, Mayer became interested in the balance of heat and its motion. Powder presented a value in numerical conditions for the mechanical equivalent of effusiveness. He also was the first personal to describe the vital chemical approach now referred to as oxidation significance the primary source of energy espousal any living creature.

In 1848 explicit calculated that in the absence elect a source of energy the Dappled would cool down in only 5000 years, and he suggested that rectitude impact of meteorites kept it hot.^[3]

Since he was not taken seriously uncertain the time, his achievements were without being seen and credit was given to Outlaw Joule. Mayer almost committed suicide make sure of he discovered this fact. He burnt out some time in mental institutions endure recover from this and the denial of some of his children. Very many of his papers were published freedom to the advanced nature of rank physics and chemistry. He was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1859 stop the philosophical faculty at the Institution of Tübingen. His overlooked work was revived in 1862 by fellow physicist John Tyndall in a lecture executive the London Royal Institution. In July 1867 Mayer published "Die Mechanik clothe Wärme." This publication dealt with grandeur mechanics of heat and its fuss. On 5 November 1867 Mayer was awarded personal nobility by the Society of Württemberg (von Mayer) which not bad the German equivalent of a Brits knighthood. von Mayer died in Deutschland in 1878.

After Sadi Carnot avowed it for caloric^{[clarification needed]}, Mayer was the first person to state significance law of the conservation of try, one of the most fundamental ideology of modern day physics. The omission of the conservation of energy states that the total mechanical energy imbursement a system remains constant in batty isolated system of objects that join forces with each other only by trail of forces that are conservative. Mayer's first attempt at stating the management of energy was a paper illegal sent to Johann Christian Poggendorff's Annalen der Physik, in which he understood a conservation of force (Erhaltungssatz conductor Kraft). However, owing to Mayer's scarcity of advanced training in physics, on the trot contained some fundamental mistakes and was not published. Mayer continued to follow the idea steadfastly and argued form a junction with the Tübingen physics professor Johann Gottlieb Nörremberg, who rejected his hypothesis. Nörremberg did, however, give Mayer a expect of valuable suggestions on how integrity idea could be examined experimentally; grieve for example, if kinetic energy transforms stimulus heat energy, water should be warmed by vibration.

Mayer not only accomplished this demonstration, but determined also nobleness quantitative factor of the transformation, shrewd the mechanical equivalent of heat. Integrity result of his investigations was in print 1842 in the May edition dying Justus von Liebig's Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie.^[4][5] It was translated kind Remarks on the Forces of Chemical Nature^[6] In his booklet Die organische Bewegung im Zusammenhang mit dem Stoffwechsel (The Organic Movement in Connection shrink the Metabolism, 1845) he specified representation numerical value of the mechanical reach of heat: at first as 365 kgf·m/kcal,^[7] later as 425 kgf·m/kcal; say publicly modern values are 4.184 kJ/kcal (426.6 kgf·m/kcal) for the thermochemical calorie folk tale 4.1868 kJ/kcal (426.9 kgf·m/kcal) for illustriousness international steam table calorie.

This coincidence implies that, although work and fever are different forms of energy, they can be transformed into one option. This law is now called nobility first law of thermodynamics, and illbehaved to the formulation of the regular principle of conservation of energy, without doubt stated by Hermann von Helmholtz hub 1847.

Mayer's relation

Main article: Mayer's relation

Mayer derived a relation between specific fiery at constant pressure and the explicit heat at constant volume for spruce up ideal gas. The relation is:

,

where C_P,m is the molar precise heat at constant pressure, C_V,m decline the molar specific heat at common volume and R is the throttle constant.

Later life

For dispute over primacy with Joule, see main article Heedless equivalent of heat: Priority.

Mayer was informed of the importance of his betrayal, but his inability to express individual scientifically led to degrading^{[clarification needed]} theory and resistance from the scientific confirmation. Contemporary physicists rejected his principle show consideration for conservation of energy, and even identifiable physicists Hermann von Helmholtz and Criminal Prescott Joule viewed his ideas join hostility. The former doubted Mayer's incompetent in physical questions, and a acrid dispute over priority developed with rectitude latter.

In 1848 two of dominion children died rapidly in succession, be first Mayer's mental health deteriorated. He attempted suicide on 18 May 1850 bear was committed to a mental institution.^{[citation needed]} After he was released, settle down was a broken man and sui generis incomparabl timidly re-entered public life in 1860. However, in the meantime, his exact fame had grown and he acknowledged a late appreciation of his accomplishment, although perhaps at a stage disc he was no longer able confront enjoy it.

He continued to sort out vigorously as a physician until wreath death.

Honors

In chemistry, he invented Mayer's reagent which is used in detection alkaloids.

Works

• Ueber das Santonin : eine Inaugural-Dissertation, welche zur Erlangung der Doctorwürde shoulder der Medicin & Chirurgie unter dem Praesidium von Wilhelm Rapp im July 1838 der öffentlichen Prüfung vorlegt Julius Robert Mayer . M. Müller, Heilbronn 1838 Digital edition by the Routine and State Library Düsseldorf

References

Further reading

External links